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0-The Solar System.jpgA "New" Solar System (according to IAU)? No, thanks...135 visite"Plutone non è degno di essere considerato un Pianeta": questa, con un pizzico di polemica (da parte nostra) ed in estrema sintesi, la decisione della IAU la quale, dovendo scegliere se portare (o non) da 9 a 12 il numero dei Membri Maggiori del Sistema Solare, ha " elegantemente" pensato e deliberato di ridurli ad 8!
Questa decisione, a parere di Lunar Explorer Italia, costituisce un futile, inutile e villano "sgarbo postumo" nei confronti del grande Astronomo Americano Clyde Tombaugh (lo scopritore di Plutone) e quindi abbiamo deciso, in quanto Gruppo di Ricercatori Indipendenti, di non riconoscere la "IAU Resolution n. 6-A" e pertanto continueremo a considerare il nostro Sistema Solare inclusivo di Plutone (anzi: del Pianeta "Doppio" Plutone-Caronte).
Clyde Tombaugh nacque nel 1906 da una famiglia di agricoltori dell'Illinois. da ragazzo sviluppò un forte interesse per l'osservazione del cielo, incoraggiato sia dal padre che dallo zio. Il primo telescopio con il quale osservò le stelle apparteneva a suo zio. Clyde era insoddisfatto del primo telescopio che aveva comprato in un negozio, così decise di costruirne uno lui stesso. Il padre di Clyde si trovò un secondo lavoro per pagare i materiali necessari. Il telescopio che Clyde costruì nel 1925 fu solo il primo di oltre trenta telescopi che costruì nel corso della sua vita.
Nel 1928 Clyde finì di costruire un telescopio riflettore da 23 cm, molto preciso. La montatura fu costruita con un albero a gomiti, preso da un'automobile Buick del 1910, e da parti di scarto di una macchina agricola! Tuttavia non fu con questo che Clyde compì le osservazioni che gli valsero un'offerta di lavoro dal Lowell Observatory. Clyde fece disegni molto dettagliati delle proprie osservazioni al telescopio di Marte e Giove. Inviò i suoi disegni agli astronomi del Lowell Observatory, chiedendo commenti e suggerimenti. Invece ricevette un'offerta per andare a lavorare all'osservatorio come astronomo praticante. Clyde accettò il lavoro e cominciò a dedicarsi alla ricerca del famoso "Pianeta X" di Percival Lowell, un pianeta ancora sconosciuto che avrebbe dovuto trovarsi oltre Nettuno. Il lavoro di Clyde Tombaugh consisteva nel fotografare un pezzettino di cielo per volta, poi esaminarlo attentamente e confrontare le diverse fotografie per identificarvi eventuali oggetti non identificati in movimento, che avrebbero potuto essere pianeti. Clyde Tombaugh fotografò oltre il 65% del cielo e trascorse migliaia di ore esaminando le immagini. Dopo dieci mesi di durissimo lavoro, spesso lavorando anche la notte in una cupola non riscaldata, Clyde Tombaugh scoprì il pianeta Plutone. Clyde Tombaugh morì all'età di novant'anni, il 17 gennaio 1997.
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000-Kaguya.jpgThe Kaguya (SELENE) Probe65 visiteThe SELenological and ENgineering Explorer "KAGUYA"(SELENE), Japan’s 1st large Lunar Explorer, was launched by the H-IIA rocket on September 14, 2007 (JST). The mission, which is the largest Lunar Mission since the Apollo Program, is being keenly anticipated by many countries.
The major objectives of the Mission are to understand the Moon’s origin and evolution and to observe the Moon in various ways in order to utilize it in the future. The Lunar Missions that have been conducted so far have gathered a large amount of information on the Moon, but the mysteries of its origin and evolution have been left unsolved.
KAGUYA will investigate the entire Moon in order to obtain information on its elemental and mineralogical composition, geography, surface and sub-surface structure, the remnant of its magnetic field and its gravity field.
The results are expected to lead to a better overall understanding of the Moon’s evolution. At the same time, the observation equipment installed on the orbiting satellite will observe plasma, the electromagnetic field and high-energy particles. The data obtained in this way will be of great scientific importance for exploring the possibility of using the moon for human endeavors.MareKromium
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002.jpgSpace Heat-Shields - The Heat-Shield (specs)140 visite2 - LO SCUDO TERMICO
La tesi NASA è che l'oggetto luccicante adagiato sul bordo del Cratere Bonneville - mostratoVi nel frame precedente ed il quale appare completamente deformato (a seguito dell'impatto?) - sarebbe/è l’Heat-Shield della Sonda Spirit (che in questo frame vediamo in una versione "integra").
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AA-Mars_Always.jpgCongratulations!146 visiteSu Marte, come sospettavamo da molti anni, esiste attività Sismica (forse "Residuale"), molto probabilmente Vulcanica (idem), sembra esserci una "Qualche Forma di Vita" (!!!) e, last but not least, ci hanno pure fatto ascoltare - grazie ai microfoni posizionati sul Lander In-Sight (NASA) - il suono del "Vento di Marte".
Tutto Bellissimo!
Peccato che, con mezzi ENORMEMENTE inferiori, c'eravamo arrivati anche noi, con paziente e quasi "certosino" lavoro di analisi forografica e dei Dati Pubblici, da oltre dieci anni (a proposito, fu il nostro Socio Storico, Marco Faccin, a notare che di "microfoni" ce ne sono anche su altri Lander....).
Ora ho pure scoperto che il Nostro Sito é sparito dai "Collegamenti Esterni" di Wikipedia, a vantaggio di un altro, gestito da una "vecchia conoscenza".
Bene: molto bravo Lui (Onore a chi vince) e fesso io (o noi, se volete).
Che soddisfazione: gli anni passano, ma la Metodologia "Premiante", in Italia, proprio non cambia mai. Ma va bene così: tanto, chi ha fatto, sa di aver fatto.
E chi ha...fatto altro..., ne é pure consapevole.
E tanto mi basta.
Dr Paolo C. Fienga (PhD)MareKromium
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APOLLO 16 AS 16-5006 (2).jpgAS 16-5006 - Sketch of the details of King Crater (2)53 visitenessun commento
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Abell-1763-PIA10227.jpgCelestial Cities and the Roads that connect Them54 visiteThis is a representation of galaxies in and surrounding a galaxy cluster called Abell 1763. The placement of each dot is based on the actual coordinates of galaxies in the region. Blue dots are active star-forming galaxies; red dots show galaxies that are not actively forming stars.
Galaxies across the universe reside in cosmic communities big and small. Large, densely populated galactic communities are called galaxy clusters (highlighted in the orange circle). Like cities on Earth, galaxy clusters are scattered throughout the universe and are connected by a web of dusty highways called filaments (highlighted in purple). Smaller galactic communities are sprinkled along the filaments, creating celestial suburbs.
Over time, astronomers suspect that all galactic suburbanites make their way to a galaxy cluster by way of filaments. Observations from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope show that filamentary galaxies form stars at twice the rate of their densely clustered counterparts.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., manages the Spitzer Space Telescope mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Science operations are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology, also in Pasadena. Caltech manages JPL for NASA.
MareKromium
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Alpha_centauri_size.pngStar-Size!55 visite"Beato è quei che in Libertà sicura
Povero ma contento i giorni mena,
E che fuor di Speranza e fuor di Pena
Pompe non cerca e Dignità non cura"
(Fulvio Testi)MareKromium
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Antares_and_Sun.JPGStar-Size!56 visite"...Fortuna parvis momentis magnas rerum commutationes efficit..."
(Cesare)
"...Il Fato, in pochi istanti, può mutare la sorte (l'esito) di grandi imprese..."MareKromium
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Arcturus_and_Sun.jpgStar-Size!55 visite"...Fortuna immoderata (est): in bono atque in malo..."
(Laberio)
"...La Fortuna (il Fato) non ha (mai) misura: nè nel bene, nè nel male..."MareKromium
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Blue_Star-PIA12174.jpgSpace "Cube"66 visiteThis drawing illustrates the extent to which astronomers have been underestimating the proportion of small to big stars in certain galaxies. Data from NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer Spacecraft and the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile have shown that, in some cases, there can be as many as four times more small stars compared to large ones.
In the drawing, a massive blue star is shown next to a stack of lighter, yellow stars. These big blue stars are 3 to 20 times more massive than our Sun, while the smaller stars are typically about the same mass as the Sun or smaller.
Before the Galaxy Evolution Explorer study, astronomers assumed there were 500 small stars for every massive one (lower stack on right). The new observations reveal that, in certain galaxies, this estimation is off by a factor of four; for every massive star, there could be as many as 2000 small counterparts (such as the entire stack - the "Cube" - on the right).MareKromium
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Comparisons.jpgComparisons240 visiteSun - Earth: the average diameter of the Sun is about 1,392,000 km, almost 109 times larger than the Earth (12,742 km). This means that we could put 109 Earths side by side to match the diameter of our star.
Stephenson 2-18 - Sun: the largest known star compared to the Sun. We are talking about a radius of 2,158 solar radii (solar radius equals 696,340 km). If we were to place it at the centre of our Solar System, its photosphere would engulf the orbit of Saturn, the lord of the rings.
Ton 618 - Stephenson 2-18: the largest known black hole compared to the largest star. Ton 618 has a diameter of 2606 astronomical units (1 astronomical unit is equivalent to the distance Earth - Sun or 150 million kilometres). To give a better idea, Saturn (used as a comparison before) is 10 astronomical units away from the Sun.
We are ants in the Universe!MareKromium
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Dark_Matter.jpgBright Universe, Dark Matter55 visiteAn international team of astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has created a three-dimensional map that provides the first direct look at the large-scale distribution of dark matter in the universe.
Dark matter is an invisible form of matter that accounts for most of the universe's mass.
The map provides the best evidence yet that normal matter, largely in the form of galaxies, accumulates along the densest concentrations of dark matter. The map reveals a loose network of filaments that grew over time and intersect in massive structures at the locations of clusters of galaxies.
The map stretches halfway back to the beginning of the universe and shows how dark matter has grown increasingly "clumpy" as it collapses under gravity.
This milestone takes astronomers from inference to direct observation of dark matter's influence in the universe. Previous studies of dark matter are based largely on numerical simulations of the expected evolution of large-scale structure. This evolution is driven by the gravitational attraction of dark matter.
Mapping dark matter's distribution in space and time is fundamental to understanding how galaxies grew and clustered over billions of years. Tracing the growth of clustering in the dark matter may eventually also shed light on dark energy, a repulsive form of gravity that influences how dark matter clumps.
The new maps of dark matter and galaxies will provide critical observational underpinnings to future theories for how structure formed in the evolving universe under the relentless pull of gravity. Theories suggest the universe transitioned from a smooth distribution of matter into a sponge-like structure of long filaments.
The research results appeared online today in the journal Nature and were presented at the 209th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Seattle, Wash., by Richard Massey for the dark matter and Nick Scoville for the galaxies. Both researchers are from the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.
"It's reassuring how well our map confirms the standard theories for structure formation." said Massey. He calls dark matter the "scaffolding" inside of which stars and galaxies have been assembled over billions of years.
Researchers created the map using Hubble's largest survey of the universe, the Cosmic Evolution Survey ("COSMOS") with an international team of 70 astronomers led by Scoville. The COSMOS survey covers a sufficiently wide area of sky – nine times the area of the Earth's Moon. This allows for the large-scale filamentary structure of dark matter to be evident. To add 3-D distance information, the Hubble observations were combined with multicolor data from powerful ground-based telescopes. "The 3-D information is vital to studying the evolution of the structures over cosmic time," said Jason Rhodes, a collaborator in the study at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
The dark matter map was constructed by measuring the shapes of half a million faraway galaxies. To reach us, the galaxies' light has traveled through intervening dark matter. The dark matter deflected the light slightly as it traveled through space. Researchers used the observed, subtle distortion of the galaxies' shapes to reconstruct the distribution of intervening mass along Hubble's line of sight — a method called weak gravitational lensing. This effect is analogous to deducing the rippling pattern in a glass shower door by measuring how light from behind it is distorted as it passes through the glass.
"Although this technique has been employed previously, the depth of the COSMOS image and its superior resolution enables a more precise and detailed map, covering a large enough area to see the extended filamentary structures," said co-investigator Richard Ellis of the California Institute of Technology.
For astronomers, the challenge of mapping the universe has been similar to mapping a city from nighttime aerial snapshots showing only streetlights. Dark matter is invisible, so only the luminous galaxies can be seen directly. The new images are equivalent to seeing a city, its suburbs and country roads — in daylight, for the first time. Major arteries and intersections become evident, and a variety of neighborhoods are revealed.
A separate COSMOS team led by Scoville presented images of the large scale galactic structures in the same area with the dark matter. Galaxies appear in visible light seen with Hubble and in ground-based Subaru telescope images by Yoshiaku Taniguchi and colleagues. The hot gas in the densest galaxy clusters was imaged in X-rays by Gunther Hasinger and colleagues using the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton telescope.
Galaxy structures inside the dark matter scaffolding show clusters of galaxies in the process of assembly. These structures can be traced over more than 80 million light-years in the COSMOS survey – approximately five times the extent of the nearby Virgo galaxy cluster. In the densest early universe structures, many galaxies already have old stellar populations, implying that these galaxies formed first and accumulated the greatest masses in a bottom-up assembly process where smaller galaxies merge to make bigger galaxies — like tributaries converging to form a large river.
The COSMOS survey shows that galaxies with on-going star formation, even to the present epoch, dwell in less populated voids and dark matter filaments. "It is remarkable how the environment on the enormous cosmic scales seen in the dark matter structures can influence the properties of individual stars and galaxies — both the maturity of the stellar populations and the progressive 'downsizing' of star formation to smaller galaxies is clearly dependent on the dark matter environment," said Scoville.
"The comparison is of fundamental importance," said Massey. "Almost all current scientific knowledge concerns only baryonic matter. Now that we have begun to map out where dark matter is, the next challenge is to determine what it is, and specifically its relationship to normal matter."
In making the COSMOS survey, Hubble photographed 575 slightly overlapping views of the universe using the Advanced Camera for Surveys' (ACS) Wide Field Camera onboard Hubble. It took nearly 1,000 hours of observations. Thousands of galaxies' spectra were obtained by using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope in Chile, and the Subaru telescope in Hawaii. The distances to the galaxies were accurately determined through their spectral redshifts. The distribution of the normal matter was partly determined with the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton telescope.
MareKromium
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